Relación entre el tiempo de circulación extracorpórea y el pinzamiento aórtico con diferentes variables de evolución postquirúrgicas / Relationship between cardiopulmonary bypass time and aortic cross clamping time with different variables of post-surgical evolution

Resumen Justificación: La mayor cantidad de cirugías cardiacas realizadas a nivel mundial se efectúa con circulación extracorpórea y pinzamiento de la aorta, lo que conlleva una serie de alteraciones fisiopatológicas que deben ser reconocidas por el personal de salud que participa en la atención de estos pacientes. Objetivo: Describir el perfil y los factores de riesgo presentes en los pacientes sometidos a cirugía cardiaca con circulación extracorpórea, y analizar la existencia de una potencial relación entre el tiempo de circulación extracorpórea y el pinzamiento aórtico, con la aplicación de desfibrilaciones tras al pinzado de la aorta, la necesidad de soporte cardiovascular farmacológico, el comportamiento del nivel de lactato plasmático y la mortalidad. Métodos: Se desarrolló un estudio observacional y descriptivo con una muestra de 104 pacientes electivos, sometidos a intervención quirúrgica y circulación extracorpórea, en el Hospital México, desde octubre de 2016 a noviembre de 2017. Se caracterizó la población en estudio, se analizaron los factores de riesgo incluido el EuroSCORE I y II, el tiempo de circulación extracorpórea, el tiempo de pinzamiento aórtico, las desfibrilaciones posteriores al pinzamiento aórtico, e lactato inmediatamente postcirculación extracorpórea, y a las 2, 6, 24 h postquirúrgicas, el uso de soporte cardiovascular farmacológico en infusión continua posterior a la circulación extracorpórea y mortalidad a los 30 días. Resultados: La edad media fue 56,4 años, predominó el sexo masculino (69 %) y la hipertensión arterial fue el factor de riesgo más frecuente (76,07 %). Se registró un tiempo de pinzado aórtico menor a 100 min en 61 pacientes (58,65 %) y superior a ese tiempo en 43 pacientes (41,35 %). El EuroSCORE I promedio fue del 4,21 % (DE: 4,80), mientras que el EuroSCORE II fue del 2,37 % (DE: 2,41). El tiempo promedio de circulación extracorpórea fue de 129 minutos (DE: 36,88) y el de pinzado aórtico, de 94 minutos (DE:32,04). Hubo un pico de lactato a las 6 horas postquirúrgicas (5,13 mmol/L, DE:2,89); un 8,65 % de los pacientes fueron desfibrilados después del retiro de la pinza en la aorta; se utilizó soporte cardiovascular en el 16,35 % y la mortalidad quirúrgica fue del 1,92 %. Conclusiones: En el estudio, el tiempo de circulación extracorpórea y el pinzado aórtico junto con el uso de inotrópicos, vasoconstrictores, hiperlactatemia y mortalidad quirúrgica, no alcanzó una relación significativa.

Abstract Justification: Currently, the largest number of cardiac surgeries performed worldwide are performed with cardiopulmonary bypass and aortic cross clamp, which leads to a series of pathophysiological alterations that are important for health personnel involved in the care of these patients. Objective: To describe the profile and risk factors present in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass and the existence of a potential relationship between the cardiopulmonary bypass time and aortic cross clamping time, with the use of post clamp defibrillations, pharmacological cardiovascular support, plasma lactate behavior and mortality. Methods: An observational and descriptive study was carried out with a sample of 104 elective patients, undergoing surgical intervention and cardiopulmonary bypass at Hospital México, from October 2016 to November 2017. The study population was characterized, risk factors were analyzed including EuroSCORE I and II, CPB time, aortic cross clamping time, post-aortic clamping defibrillation, lactate immediately after extracorporeal circulation and at 2, 6, 24 hours postoperatively, use of pharmacological cardiovascular support in continuous infusion after extracorporeal circulation and mortality at 30 days. Results: The mean age was 56.4 years, the male sex predominated (69%) and arterial hypertension was the most frequent risk factor (76.07%). Aortic cross clamp time of less than 100 min was recorded in 61 patients (58.65%) and greater than that time in 43 patients (41.35%). The average EuroSCORE I was 4.21% (SD: 4.80), while the EuroSCORE II was 2.37% (SD: 2.41). The average cardiopulmonary bypass time was 129 minutes (SD: 36.88) and aortic cross clamp time was 94 minutes (SD: 32.04). There was a lactate peak at 6 postoperative hours (5.13 mmol/L, SD: 2.89); 8.65% of patients were defibrillated after removal the clamp in the aorta; pharmacological cardiovascular support was used in 16.35% and surgical mortality was 1.92%. Conclusions: In this study, cardiopulmonary bypass time and aortic cross clamp time together with the use of inotropics, vasoconstrictors, hyperlactatemia and surgical mortality did not reach a significant relationship.

Pacientes hipertensos e a anestesia na Odontologia: devemos utilizar anestésicos locais associados ou não com vasoconstritores? / Hypertensive patients and anesthesia in Dentistry: we should use local anesthetics associates or not with vasoconstrictors agents?

Anestésicos locais associados a alguns vasoconstritores podem ser utilizados em pacientes hipertensos na odontologia. A felipressina ou a epinefrina são os mais indicados no atendimento a pacientes com hipertensão controlada no estágio I ou II. Quando utilizada em doses terapêuticas e, evitando-se a administração intravascular, as alterações pressóricas que podem ocorrer com os vasoconstritores adrenérgicos como a elevação na pressão sistólica, são compensadas por uma diminuição na resistência vascular periférica e, consequentemente,uma diminuição da pressão diastólica. Portanto, a preocupação deve ser com o aumento na concentração sanguínea de catecolaminas, em função de uma sobredosagem e/ou administração intravascular inadvertida,principalmente, se associados a um elevado grau de estresse e de ansiedade. A potencialização dos seus efeitos sistêmicos pode ainda estar relacionada a interações medicamentosas em pacientes que fazem uso de antihipertensivos do tipo beta-bloqueadores não-seletivos ou diuréticos não caliuréticos, que poderiam estar mais susceptíveis a possíveis precipitações de episódios hipertensivos motivados por estes vasoconstritores. Uma anamnese bem detalhada, uma anestesia mais eficaz com a associação de um vasoconstritor, bem como o controle da ansiedade e do medo frente a um tratamento odontológico são benéficos no atendimento aos hipertensos.

Local anesthetics associates with vasoconstrictors agents should be used in the hypertensive patients in Dentistry. Felypressin or epinephrine are the most indicated for the treatment of patients with controlledhypertension in stages I or II. When adrenergic vasoconstrictors agents are used in therapeutic doses and avoiding intravascular injection, the pressure alterations that may occur, such as an increase systolic pressure, are compensated by a reduction in peripheral vascular resistance and consequently, a reduced diastolic pressure. Therefore, attention must be paid to the decrease in blood catecholamine as a result of an overdose and/or unintentional intravascular injection, especially if associated with a high degree of stress and anxiety. The strengthening of its systemic effects may still be related to medical interactions in patients using non-specific beta-blocking anti-hypertension drugs or non-caliuretics diuretics, who might be more susceptible to possible occurrences of hypertension episodes motivated by vasoconstrictors agents. A detailed examination, a more effective anesthesia associated with vasoconstrictor, as well as anxiety and fear control when facing dental treatment are beneficial when treating hypertensive patients.